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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM AND THE PANCREAS OF NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS DOGS
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM AND THE PANCREAS OF NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS DOGS
Abstract:
This study was carried out to establish the normal ultrasonographic parameters for the hepatobiliary system and the pancreas of Nigerian Indigenous puppies and their correlation with the demographic data (age, sex, body weight (WT), length (BL), height (HT), mass index (BMI)). Six (6) clinically healthy Nigerian Indigenous puppies (from the same bitch) were obtained at eight (8) weeks of age from the owner at Hayin dogo, Samaru, Zaria. B-mode Sonoster ultrasound scanner was used to scan the hepatobiliary system and the pancreas at 2 week intervals to evaluate their echotexture and dimensions. Three millilitres (3mls) of blood samples were collected for serum at two months interval. The serum was assayed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to ensure that the liver is apparently normal. The mean values and standard error of mean (±SEM) of the ultrasound measurements of the hepatic length (HL), hepatic width (HW) and hepatic volume (HV) of puppies ranged from 65 ± 4.7 to 134 ± 3.6 mm, 28 ± 1.4 to 81 ± 3 mm and 176 ± 16 to 1358 ± 71 mm3 respectively. The mean values ± SEM for the gall bladder length (GBL), width (GBW), wall thickness (GBWT) and volume (GBV) of puppies ranged from 11 ± 0.9 to 21 ± 2.9 mm, 5.6 ± 0.63 to 15 ± 1.5 mm, 0.71 ± 0.063 to 0.67 ± 0.088mm and 0.18 ± 0.025 to 2.2 ± 0.54 mm3 respectively. The mean ± SEM for portal vein diameter (PVD ) ranged from 2.3 ± 0.1 to 4.8 ± 0.07 mm while the cross sectional area (CSA) of the portal vein ranged from 4.25 ± 0.37 to 17.99 ± 0.53 mm2. The liver parenchyma of Nigerian Indigenous puppies was seen as an isoechoic structure which appeared as loosely granular structure with homogenous and uniform echo texture, and interrupted by short, highly echogenic paired parallel lines surrounding an anaechoic lumen that represents the portal veins. The gallbladder was observed as an anaechoic, round to oval structure to the left of the midline of the puppies (right of the scanner). The HL, HW and HV correlated significantly and positively with all the demographic data with the HT, BL and WT being the best predictor of the HL, HW and HV respectively. The GBL, GBW and GBV correlated significantly and positively with all the demographic data with the weight being the best predictor of GBL and GBV while the height was the best predictor of GBW. The GBWT correlated significantly and negatively with the age (r= -0.57), weight (r= – 0.5) and HV (r= -0.52). PVD neither correlate with demographic data nor the hepatobiliary dimensions studied. The pancreas was not visualized with the ultrasound machine. It was concluded that normal parameters for the hepatic and gall bladder dimension could be determined from the WT, HT and BL of puppies hence, this can serve as a baseline in clinical examination of puppies towards diagnosis of hepatobiliary pathologic conditions.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM AND THE PANCREAS OF NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS DOGS