EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF SOME UNCONVENTIONAL REMEDIES USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE IN NIGERIA

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EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF SOME UNCONVENTIONAL REMEDIES USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE IN NIGERIA

Abstract:

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is endemic in Nigeria despite vaccination. Due to absence of effective chemotherapy against IBD, farmers and practitioners use remedies which they claim are effective. The study evaluated the efficacy of some of the remedies in mitigating the effects of very virulent IBD virus (vvIBDV) using 360 day-old ISA brown pullets divided into groups A to I of 40 chicks each. Twenty chicks from each group were bled at 2, 7, 14, 21, 24, 28, 31 and 35 days of age to determine the IBD antibody (Ab) titre levels using enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). Chicks in all groups, except negative control were innoculated with vvIBDV at 21 days of age. At 21 days of age, group A was treated with Khaya senegalensis extract, group (B) was treated with vitamin E, group (C) heparenol®, group (D) aluminium magnesium silicate, group (E) polidine®, group (F) V-ox® 1 and group (I) V-ox® 2, while groups (H) positive control and (G) negative control were not treated. Clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rates in inoculated groups were observed for 10 days post inoculation (dpi). Five chicks from 20 tagged birds in each group were selected and euthanized on 0, 3, 7 and 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). Euthanized chicks were examined and proportion of chicks with lesions calculated. The bursa of Fabricius (BF), spleen (SP) and thymus (TH) were weighed. The organs were processed for histopathology. Clinical signs were less severe in Khaya senegalensis (15.60%), Vitamin E (24.70%) and V-Ox® 2 (14.10%) groups when compared with positive group (50.70%). Morbidity rates were lower in Khaya senegalensis (18.18%), Vitamin E (37.50%), heparenol® (27.27) and V-Ox® 2 (25.00%) when compared with positive control (54.54%). Similarly, mortality was lower in Khaya senegalensis, vitamin E, and V-Ox® 2 groups (27.27%, 27.27% and 16.67%, respectively) compared to positive control (59.09%). There was reduction in the rate of atrophy of BF in Khaya senegalensis (2.7%), heparenol® (1.5%), polidine® (16.8%) and V-Ox® 2 (18.4%) groups at 7 dpi compared with an increase in positive control (34.9%). There was higher splenic weight increase in vitamin E (68.3%), aluminium magnesium silicate (41.2%), V-Ox® 1 (54.8%) and V-Ox® 2 (51.3%) than positive control group (21.7%). By 7 dpi, thymic weight increased in aluminium magnesium silicate (25.5%) and V-Ox® 1 (8.5%) groups but decreased in positive control (-8.1%), polidine® (-32.2%) and V-Ox® 2 (48.6%) groups. The BF of Khaya senegalensis, vitamin E and positive control groups showed depletion of lymphocytes and severe necrosis, vacuolation and haemorrhages in Khaya senegalensis group and atrophy in vitamin E and positive control groups. The SP of vitamin E and V-Ox® 2 groups showed depletion of lymphocytes and haemorrhages in vitamin E group. TH of Khaya senegalensis, vitamin E and V-Ox® 2 groups also showed depletion of lymphocytes in medulla, necrosis and haemorrhages in Khaya senegalensis and positive control groups. Chicks in all groups had protective Ab titre level of ≥ 1,000 ELISA units at days 1 and 7 of age but, following vvIBDV inoculation, 28.57% of chicks in only vitamin E group had Ab titre level of ≥ 1,000 ELISA units by day 28 (7 dpi). In conclusion KS, vitamin E and V-ox® 2 reduced severity of clinical signs, morbidity and mortality, while vitamin E, polidine® and V-ox® 1 reduced gross lesions due to IBD. Khaya senegalensis, vitamin E, polidine® and V-ox® 2 reduced BF atrophy. It was recommended that Veterinarians could administer KS or vitamin E to mitigate the effects of IBD. Chicks derived from the breeders used in this study should be vaccinated against IBD by 17 days of age. Further research should be conducted to evaluate the safety of K. senegalensis

EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF SOME UNCONVENTIONAL REMEDIES USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE IN NIGERIA

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