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THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY IN PREVENTION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS IN THE SOCIETY: A CASE STUDY OF OSHIMILI SOUTH LGA OF DELTA STATE
THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY IN PREVENTION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS IN THE SOCIETY: A CASE STUDY OF OSHIMILI SOUTH LGA OF DELTA STATE
Abstract
Objective
To review the current state of knowledge on the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV in adolescents and to highlight existing gaps and priority areas for future research.
Background
A disproportionate burden of HIV infections falls on adolescents, a developmental stage marked by unique neural, biological, and social transition. Successful interventions are critical to prevent the spread of HIV in this vulnerable population.
Methods
We summarized the current state of research on HIV prevention in adolescents by providing examples of successful interventions and best practices, and highlighting current research gaps.
Results
Adolescent interventions fall into three main categories: biomedical, behavioral, and structural. The majority of current research has focused on individual behavior change, while promising biomedical and structural interventions have been largely understudied in adolescents. Combination prevention interventions may be particularly valuable to this group.
Conclusions
Adolescents have unique needs with respect to HIV prevention and, thus, interventions should be designed to most effectively reach this population with information and services that will be relevant to them.
Keywords: Adolescence, HIV, Prevention
Introduction
Young people are disproportionately affected by HIV globally; 25% of infected persons are between 10-24 years (1). Those aged 15-24 comprise 35% of new infections, resulting in 900,000 new infections annually (2). The greatest burden of HIV among young people is in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Here, young women have almost eight times the HIV prevalence as same-age men (2) and their annual HIV incidence is an estimated 8%(3, 4). By contrast, in the US and Europe, young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at greatest risk of infection, particularly YMSM of color (2). While in much of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, young injection drug users and their sexual partners have the highest risk (2). Clearly, adolescents are a heterogeneous population; risk factors for HIV depend both on individual characteristics and social/environmental contexts. This diversity must be addressed in interventions.
In this paper, we highlight the unique needs of adolescents with respect to biomedical, behavioral and structural interventions that present the greatest promise in preventing sexual transmission of HIV. We also highlight existing gaps and priority areas for future research. We use the terms ‘adolescent’, ‘youth’ and ‘young people’ synonymously, defining adolescence as the developmental stage between the ages of 13-24.
Why are adolescents a unique population?
Adolescence has been described as ‘a period of momentous social, psychological, economic and biological transitions’(5). It is a time when substantial brain development occurs including the capacity for complex, conceptual thinking (6). The combination of a heightened responsiveness to rewards coupled with immaturity in the behavioral control areas of the brain may lead to the risky decisions and emotional reactivity that characterize adolescence (7). The exploration and formation of identity is considered by many to be the primary developmental goal of adolescence (8, 9). Socially, adolescents are searching for a sense of belonging from peers, who influence behavior (10–12). Adolescence is also marked by social transitions such as finishing school, finding employment, independent living, first sexual relationships, pregnancies, and marriage. These milestones occur during a period of decreased adult supervision when young people still have limited knowledge, self-confidence and life skills, which can lead to engagement in behaviors that heighten HIV risk.
HIV Prevention Among Adolescents
Numerous risk and protective factors operate at multiple levels; including the individual-, dyad- (peer/partner/parent), community- (e.g., school environment) and societal-level. Identifying determinants of risk and protective behaviors is necessary to ensure interventions are appropriate to the population and context where they are delivered. The need for combination HIV prevention strategies, incorporating interventions that address biological, behavioral and structural factors, has been emphasized as central to impacting the epidemic(13). Research is needed on selecting and optimizing these combinations for greatest effect, particularly among adolescents. Significant gaps in HIV prevention knowledge for adolescents remain (Table 1).
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page- – – – – – – – – i
Approval page – – – – – – – -ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – -iii
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – -iv
Abstract – – – – – – – – – -v
Table of content – – – – – – – -vi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – -1
1.0 Background of the study – – – – -1
1.1 Statement of the problem – – – – -5
1.2 Purpose of the study – – – – – -6
1.3 Significance of the study – – – – -8
1.4 Research questions – – – – – -9
1.5 Scope of the study – – – – – – -10
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – – – -11
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology – – – – – – -39
Design of study – – – – – – – -40
CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation, analysis and interpretation of data – -48
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary of findings – – – – – – -60
Conclusion – – – – – – – – -61
Recommendations – – – – – – – -62
Suggestions for further research – – – – -64
References – – – – – – – – -65
Appendix I – – – – — – – – -68
Questionnaire. – – – – – – – -69