THE EFFICACY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF Anacardiumoccidentale(Linn.-Holl.) ON EXPERIMENTAL Salmonella Gallinarum INFECTION IN SHIKABROWN PULLETS

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THE EFFICACY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF Anacardiumoccidentale(Linn.-Holl.) ON EXPERIMENTAL Salmonella Gallinarum INFECTION IN SHIKABROWN PULLETS

Abstract:

Fowl typhoid (FT) caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is an important bacterial disease of poultry. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the crude methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale leaves against the bacterium in Shikabrown pullets. Phytochemical analyses,acute toxicity and in vitro study of methanol extract of A. occidentale leaves werecarried out. One hundred and thirty two pullets free of S. Gallinarum were purchased from hatchery in Kwara State and divided into 11 groups, A to K, with 12 birds per group. Each bird in group A to J was inoculated at 16 weeks of age with 3.3×10⁸colony forming unit (CFU/ml) of S. Gallinarum orally and group K served as negative control (NC). The pullets were observed for clinical signs, mortality and pathology for nine days post–inoculation (PI). Groups A, B, C and D were treated orally with methanol extract of A. occidentale leaves at 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 5days PI while group E was treated with Ceftazidime at 100 mg/kg. Groups F and G were administered A. occidentale leaves at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 14days prior to inoculation of S. Gallinarum at fourteen weeks as prophylaxis (PX). Group J, positive control (PC), received normal saline. Result showed the methanol extract of A. occidentale leaves contained carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides and was non-toxic at 5,000 mg/kg. The extract of A.occidentale leaveshas in vitroantibacterial activity against S. Gallinarum at concentrations (C) of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.13 and 1.56 mg/ml giving zones of inhibition (ZI) of 18.5, 15.9, 13.4, 8.3, 10.9 13.4 and 10.9 mm respectively. Pullet‘s chickens showed clinical signs six days PI in all the groups except group I. The clinical signs disappeared nine days PI and five days posttreatment in all the groups except group J, which it persisted. There was statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) in decrease in mean body weight (MBW) five days post-treatment(PTX) between the treated groups (1.005±0.048 to1.046 ± 0.053kg) and NC (1.293±0.073kg). There was statistically significant diffirence (P< 0.05) in cloacal temperature (CT) between treated groups A, B, C and D (41.78, 41.85, 41.69 and 41.39)posttreatment compared to the PC group J (42.86). Changes in the weight of liver, spleen, kidneys, bursa of Fabricius and thymus showed group C (150 mg/kg) had the least percentage (%) increase in liver and spleen weight(23.18 and 56.65) among the treated groups compared to group J (36.7 and 19.55). Changes in kidney weight showed the second highest increase at 150 mg/kg dose (18.75) among the treated groups compared to J (3.05). Changes in weight of the bursa and thymus at 150 mg/kg showed the least reduction (38.9%) compared to PC group J (42.1%). SalmonellaGallinarum was only isolated in the liver of pullets in group J at day PI. The PCV in the treated groups was highest in group B (26.67±1.76 %) followed by group C (23.00±1.53 %) while in prophylactic groups, group G had the highest (24.33±0.67 %) than group F (21.67±1.67 %).The PCV of treated and prophylactic groups (A-G) was lower (P<0.05) compared to NC group K (34.67±1.45 %). Total protein (TP)values in treated, prophylactic and control groups were within normal (5.07±0.48 g/dl to3.07±0.07 g/dl) except in Ceftazidime treated group which showed statistically significant difference(P <0.01) lower (2.13±1.07 g/dl). Liver of inoculated and treated groups showed sinusoidal, hepatic and portal veins congestion, multifocal and perivascular infiltration with heterophils and mononuclear cells (MNC) with necrosis of hepatocytes. The spleen had circumscribed multifocal perivascular aggregates of heterophils and MNC predominantly lymphocytes and severe necrosis of lymphoid cells with congested splenic veins while the kidneys showed necrosis of tubular epithelium and congested blood vessels.In conclusion, methanol extract of A. occidentale leaves contained flavonoids and tannins; its LD₅₀ was ≥ 5,000 mg/kg and in vitro effect on S. Gallinarum was highest at 100 mg/ml with ZI of 18.5 mm. Treatment with ME of AOL at 150 mg/kg for five days reduced severity of clinical signs of S. Gallinarum infection in pullets andreduced PCV in treated groups while TP was high in all groups except group E. The methanol extract of A. occidentale leaves decreased MBW and CT in pullets inoculated with S. Gallinarum. It is recommended that, chronic toxicity and treatment of chronic infection of S. Gallinarum at150 mg/kg with methanol of A. occidentale leavesin pullets be carried out.

THE EFFICACY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF Anacardiumoccidentale(Linn.-Holl.) ON EXPERIMENTAL Salmonella Gallinarum INFECTION IN SHIKABROWN PULLETS

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