AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF BORRERIA VERTICILLATA AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON PATHOLOGY INDUCED BY ADENIUM OBESUM AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN JUVENILE CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL 1822)

AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF BORRERIA VERTICILLATA AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON PATHOLOGY INDUCED BY ADENIUM OBESUM AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN JUVENILE CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL 1822)

Abstract:

The study was conducted to determine the effect of aqueous extract of Borreria verticillata aerial part (BVE) on Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed to Adenium obesum stem bark (AOE).The study consisted of ten (10) groups each of fifteen (15) fish per group. Group one,G1(CONTROL),had no extract treatment, G2 (25mg/L, BVE), G3 (50mg/L, BVE), G4 (100mg/L, BVE), G5 (200mg/L, BVE), G6 (0.838 mg/L AOE), G7 (25mg/L BVE + 0.838mg/L AOE ), G8 (50mg/L BVE+0.838mg/L AOE), G9 (100mg/L BVE+0.838mg/L) and G10 (200mg/L BVE + 0.838mg/L). The haematological parameters, oxidative stress markers and tissue changes were determined for the ten groups. The phytochemical screening of both aqueous extracts of Borreria verticillata (BVE) and Adenium obesum (AOE) revealed the presence of glycoside, saponin, steroids, triterpenes, tannins, flavonoid and alkaloids in varying quantities, while cardiac glycoside was found in Adenium obesum only. The LC50 of aqueous extract Adenium obesum stem bark was established as 8.38mg/l in this study. The red blood cell (RBC) counts and erythrocytic indices as well as the serum total protein in G6 decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared to groups1-5. The total white blood cell count, differential white blood cell count, serum amino transaminases, serum malondialdehyde, serum reduced glutathione and serum super oxide dismutase increased significantly (P<0.05) in G6 with increase in days of exposure to 0.838mg/L of AOE. These values decreased significantly (P<0.05) in groups 7-10 during the period compared to group 6 in a concentration and time dependent manner. Histology of gill, liver, intestine and kidney showed no changes in Groups 1 – 5. In Group 6, there were complete fusion of secondary lamella, club-shaped primary lamella, congested branchial blood vessels complete fusion of secondary lamella, club-shaped primary lamella, congested brachial blood vessels and vacuolated primary lamella. The liver showed, congested centrmulti-focal vacuolation, mononuclear cell infiltration, and presence of melanomacrophage centres. The intestines had hyperplasia of goblet cells. Aggregates of mononuclear cells, tubular degeneration, hypertrophied glomerulus, congestion and perivascular fibrosis were seen in kidneys. Alterations noticed in groups 7-10 on days 14 and 28 include one-sided fusion of the secondary lamella in the gills, some of which were atrophied or hypertrophied. The liver showed congested blood vessels and vacuolation, while the intestine had hyperplasia of goblet cells, hypertrophy of lamina propria and the muscularis mucosa. There were dilated tubules and hypertrophied glomerulus. There was no clear cut distinction between the intestinal lesions seen in G6 compared to G7-10 on days 14-28. Based on the haemato-biochemical and histopathological findings in this study, it was concluded that the aqueous extract of Borreria verticillata has an ameliorative effect on the pathology induced by the aqueous extract of Adenium obesum stem bark extract in Clarias gariepinus, (Burchell, 1822).

AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF BORRERIA VERTICILLATA AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON PATHOLOGY INDUCED BY ADENIUM OBESUM AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN JUVENILE CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL 1822)