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Estimation Of Marine Salts Behavior Around The Bridge Structures
ESTIMATION OF MARINE SALTS BEHAVIOR AROUND THE BRIDGE STRUCTURES
ABSTRACT
The development of chloride penetration models is essential for the assessment of the service life of concrete structures exposed to marine environment. Simple models are derived from Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion are at present the best way to predict chloride penetration in practical situations. However these models need to be calibrated with experimental results. This paper presents an experimental study where the parameters used in the penetration model where calibrated to allow the prediction of long term chloride content in concrete. The results showed that the concrete cover and concrete quality requirements stated in the present codes need to be increased so that an acceptable service life can be achieved.
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Construction industry has the maximum rate of injury and death Some studies reflect that high percent of accidents happening in construction can be get rid of it, avoided or minimized by selecting the best designs and planning in every project, and therefore safety research at design and planning stage will give a significant effect on accidents minimizing and cost delay related to safety issues. It is also one of the most dangerous industries. More construction workers are Killed, injured or suffer ill health than in any other industry every year more Than a thousand workers are killed and over 800 000 workers are injured, many Seriously with all having to take time off work,although there has been a Steady decline in the incidence of both fatal and non-fatal accidents since 1994,The estimated 1 200 workers killed at work in construction in 2001 clearly Shows that much has still to be done The effect on workers’ health is also of serious concern. It is difficult to be Precise about the true scale of the health problem, but all studies indicate the Problem is huge. Every year many thousands of workers suffer from Occupationally acquired diseases,these include musculoskeletal disorders Noise induced hearing loss, skin diseases, and other diseases as a consequence Of exposure to harmful substances,many construction workers are exposed to Asbestos leading to potentially fatal asbestos related diseases.
There are many causes of accidents on a construction site. Many are often attributed to some form of negligence and may involve unsafe work areas, misuse of tools and equipment, and failure to use protective equipment. The following discusses the nine most common examples of construction site accidents.
Service life prediction is becoming one of the major tasks in the design of concrete structures. The durability design must be based on consistent models that can describe the deterioration models more accurately.
In marine environment, the service life of reinforced concrete structures depends mainly on deterioration due to reinforcement corrosion. Two stages can be considered in this mechanism; the initiation period corresponding to the critical chloride penetration up to the level of reinforcement and the propagation period related to the reinforcement corrosion and its detrimental effects on the structure.
The high corrosion rates generally observed in marine environment and the difficulty in modeling this mechanism and its effect on the structures led to the usual consideration of service life as the initiation period.
1.2 Problem Statement
Construction works at bridges always face accidents and injuries related to the work, that affecting the companies productivity and manpower health and safety.Thus represent a big problem because they lead to big losses in both physical and manpower components.Work performance as well as efficiency will negatively be affected. Construction accidents can be caused by a variety of reasons, and different disciplines involved in a construction project may all be responsible. In the planning phase, owners may fail to consider potential site safety issues, and pay little attention to safety management. In the design phase, designers and architects may neglect all possible safety-related design codes or not be able to eliminate all possible factors. In the construction phase, contractors may fail to be cautious about site safety risks or report problems in time, and workers may do their job carelessly. ..
1.3 Objectives of research
- In world as consists of more than 70% cover by oceans, river, , with salty content.
- Bridge is only way to travel, exchange a goods by
- Bridge structure is structural element which are constructed by means of concrete
- ingredients in salty water which can easily corrosion in bridge
- Which result is reducing strength due to corrosion of reinforcement in
- To prevent and overcome the damage by increasing the concrete cover and concrete quality requirements and prevent the corrosion of the
- Additionally it can be used for fixed formwork in
The strength, durability, and compressive strength of column structure element are studied and performed in this project
1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study 1.
1.5. Spatial Limitation
This study was confined in bridges and construction sites located within the state of Khartoum only.
1.5.2 Temporal Limitation
This study was completed during 2015.
1.5.3 Human limitations
The targeted respondents were persons who are very well about the construction works and in particular at sites accidents, such as project manager. Engineers and labors in ALDBASEEN Under-construction Bridge.
1.6 Significance of study
This research derives its significance from the importance of his theme the accidents and hazards in the construction of bridge.