- Ms Word Format
- 87 Pages
- ₦3000
- 1-5 Chapters
United Nations And The Challenges Of Promoting Gender Equality In Nigeria
UNITED NATIONS AND THE CHALLENGES OF PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Women in Nigeria are faced with various challenges both at the private and public
sector. As a result of this, there are gender imbalance that tends to take place among both
sexes. There are various gender inequalities that preoccupies the system which ranges from
violence to abuses, discriminations as well as denial to political offices. Even though the
attainment of gender equality is not only seen as an end in itself, it is equally an end in
ingredients to and a product for the achievement of sustainable development of countries.
The method of the research work is based on the secondary source of analysis which
is done through the use of journals, internet materials and other archival sources of
information which is going to be relevant. Though Nigeria as a country with the Federal
Ministry of Women Affairs and Poverty Alleviation and Nigeria has been a signatory to
various international treaties and policies as well.
Various discoveries has revealed that gender inequality is a great challenge to Nigeria
even as a developing country, such as discriminations that women are faced with including
abuses. Although, the UN been an International Organization having established various
policies such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW) etc. Despite all these policies that have been established for the purpose
of nullifying the distinction, exclusion made on the basis of sex, UN itself still encounters
various problems, such is the fact that women work more than women but are still been paid
low. With this policies, UN still have its challenges such that lack of women to improper
education, cultural and social beliefs of the women, poor recognition of women issues etc are
still some of the challenges the United Nations is facing.
In conclusion, if all the policies that the United Nation has established coupled with
the treaties that Nigeria has signed are put into effect, it will thus increase the knowledge of
women as well as curb barriers that are been placed against women, such as vying for
political positions, for instance, in Brazil and Germany; they have females as their Presidents
known as Chancellor, Nigeria also can get to that position.
LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATION
AFA- Alliance for Africa
AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AWU- Abeokuta Women‘s Union
BUDFOW-Business and Development Fund for Women
CEDAW –Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
CPP- Convention People‘s Party
CRC- Convention on the Rights of Child
ECOWAS- Economic Community of West African States
EU- European Union
FGM- Female Genital Mutilation
HIV- Human Immune Virus
ICPD- International Conference on Population and Development
INTL ORG- International Organization
MDG‘S- Millennium Development Goals
NACA- National Agency for the Control of AIDS
NCW- National Council of Women
NCWS- National Council of Women‘s Societies
NDHS- National Demographic Health Survey
NDWPD- Niger Delta Women‘s Movement for Peace and Development
NEEDS- National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy
NEPAD- New Partnership for Africa‘s Development
NFF- Nigeria Feminist Forum
NWU- National Women‘s Union
PFA- Platform for Action
POA- Programme of Action
SDGEA- Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa
SNA- Sole Native Authority
UN- United Nations
UNDP- United Nations Development Programme
VAW- Violence Against Women
WANEP – West African Network for Peace building
WARDC- Women Advocates Research and Documentation Center
WARSHE- Women Against Rape, Sexual Harassment and Sexual Exploitation
WIN- Women in Nigeria
WISCORD- Widening Scope for Rights and Development
WOCON- Women‘s Consortium of Nigeria
WOPED- Women Center for Peace and Development
WRAPA- Women‘s Rights Advancement and Protection Alternative
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract vi
Acronyms viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1Background to the Study 3
1.2 Statement of the problem 6
1.3 Objective of the study 6
1.4 Research Methodology 6
1.6 5Significance of the study 7
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the study 7
1.7 Definitions of terms 8
1.8 Literature review 8
1.10Chapterization 16
Reference 17
CHAPTER TWO:LEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Institutional\laws and treaties and laws 18
2.2 Regional instruments 26
Reference 32
1
CHAPTER THREE:NIGERIA AND GENDER ISSUES
3.1Introduction 33
3.2 Development of Feminism and Women Organizations 34
3.3 Women‘s Empowerment and National Integration 41
3.4 Women‘s Participation in Political Process in Nigeria 44
Reference 49
CHAPTER FOUR:GENDER EQUALITY IN NIGERIA
4.1 Issues of Discrimination against Women in Nigeria 50
4.2 Issues of Violence and Abuses against Women in Nigeria 51
Reference 56
CHAPTER FIVE:UNITED NATIONS’ CHALLENGES IN PROMOTING GENDER
EQUALITY IN NIGERIA
5.1 U.N and Women Issues in Nigeria 57
5.2 Challenges of the U.N on Women Rights in Nigeria 63
Reference 67
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION
6.1 Summary 68
6.2 Conclusion 69
6.3 Recommendation 72
Bibliography 73
2
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
There are various International Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations working on gender issues in various parts of the world today and doing many things relating to gender issues. Various Organizations are been created to balance the gender differences in the world today. Even as an International Organization or Non-Governmental, they have various goals, aims and objectives and coupled with this is the fact that they are faced with different challenges in carrying out their duties. For instance, United Nations sponsored intergovernmental conference on women opened with much fanfare and optimum in Mexico City, such as women discrimination, disclaiming of women‘s rights etc. Promoting gender equality has become a globally recognized and an acceptable reality. Gender issues have also been identified as an issue indispensable for the achievement of national development goals.
According to the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, ‗Gender is defined
as the fact of being male or female, males or females , considered as a group :differences between the genders‘. According to the English Dictionary, it defined gender as the biological sexes of an individual usually male or female, the mental analogue of sex .i.e. one‘s male (masculinity) or femaleness (femininity)‘. According to Bridget Osakwe of WANEP she ‗defines Gender as a social and cultural construct differentiating women and men and defining the ways in which women and men interact with each other‘. It is undermined by the composite of shared expectations and norms within a society concerning appropriate female and male behaviors, characteristics, and roles. Gender and gender roles are culturally specific, learned, and changeable over time, and influenced by different variables such as race, age, class, and ethnicity. A literature text on women and peace building confirms that the concept of gender refers to social relationships produced by social, cultural, economic, and historical processes and the various roles played by men and women.
In fact, the attainment of gender equality is not only seen as an end in itself it is equally an ingredient to, and a product for the achievement of sustainable development of countries. Nigerian government which has compounded the problem of expanding the capacity level that is required to increase the enhancement of the opportunity of accommodating the varying needs of both male and female, gender also contends that the attainment of gender equality in Nigeria which is already time-barred, will be a mirage due to many constraining factors. Globally, the growing importance of gender equality has been recognized and accepted in various countries. The normative framework for human development (UNDP: 2012) is reflected in the broad vision espoused in the Millennium Development Goals, the internationally agreed set of time-bound targeted goals for ensuring gender equality and advancing opportunities in diverse sectors of the global economy. The convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW) adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly which was accepted by 180 states, states the rights and equality of women, their freedom from discrimination and equality under the law.
Also, promoting gender equality which is a sine-qua-non to the actualization of the protection of fundamental human rights is critical to the whole concern for human development that center on allowing people to live a life that they value and enable them to realize their potentials as human beings. Realizing the growing need for gender equality is also germane to the survival and development of children and the building of healthy communities, societies as well as a nation.
The gap between the Millennium Development Goal of promoting Gender Equality and its actualization in Nigeria, however, is the action dilemma by the Nigerian government that is known for mis-governance, lack of political will, the prevailing patriarchal culture, false public investment and the absence of adequate productive capacity that will create the opportunities for women empowerment and development in the country. These problems explain the inevitability and imperative of an action-based approach that will translate gender equality programme into concrete reality.
Gender is a fundamental element of conflict and of peace .Gender analysis has helped in playing important role in understanding successful peace building which helps to illuminate and contributes to knowledge and skills in maintaining peace rather than violence or conflicts. Gender as a term which has brought about different other terminologies such as gender sensitivity, gender mainstreaming which is a strategic tool towards the achievement of greater equality between men and women as endorsed in the Beijing Platform for Action from the United Nations(4th) World Conference on Women in1995. Gender mainstreaming is,…..the process of assessing the implications of women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and at all levels. It is strategy for making women‘s as well as men‘s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic and society spheres so that men and women benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality. [WANEP Nigeria (2009) pg. 17] .
Gender equality has become one of the central themes in global treaties, covenants and declarations principally due to the understanding that it is a catalyst to clear-cut development strategies which is targeted at poverty reduction, improved living standards, good governance and profitably productive investments that are critical to the creation of an enlarged capacity that provide men and women equal opportunity and unrestrained access to decision-making and policy implementation institutions and processes. The various definition of gender equality arises from various social sciences literature including economics, it manifests as hierarchical gender relations, with less valuable solely by virtue of their sex.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The issue of gender inequality is a fast growing trend in all spheres of the Nigeria system both in the public sector as well as the private sector coupled with family mentality on issues relating gender particularly women in the society. The Nigeria government despite been signatory to various policies still do not abide by these policies. The study on the topic United Nations and the challenges of promoting gender equality will address the challenges of gender inequality between the two sexes ,the role of UN in propounding solutions as well balancing the various challenges and gender differences in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The specific objectives of the study are to:
i. Establish the various advocacies of promoting gender equality by the Nigerian government.
ii. Identify and examine the activities of the UN in promoting gender equality in Nigeria
iii. Discuss the challenges of the UN in promoting gender equality in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Secondary source of data will be utilized in carrying out this research work. This sources includes textbooks, proceedings, journals, reports, magazines, newspapers as well as internet materials and other library or archival materials. All data shall be interpreted and analyzed qualitativelyusing the historical and descriptive method.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study is to know the various policies that the UN as an international organization has put in place which Nigeria has benefited from coupled with various policies that the Federal Ministry of women affairs has adopted and propounded in terms of balancing gender equality as well as to know the various gender issues as they affect women in the private and public sector of the country. Similarly the study will encourage at a great degree the participation of women in politics as well as to make decisions that will stand and effect the changes required.
Furthermore, the importance of the study is to look at the gender differences in Nigeria, the role of international organizations like the United Nations in helping to curb some of the challenges and also rendering assistance in promoting gender equality in Nigeria thus increasing the participation and recognition of women thereby putting a stop to. The study will view the various gender issues as well as to also identify the various ways in which women participates in the political process in Nigeria.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The period covered in this work will be between independent (1960) and after independence. The period witnessed the rising gender inequality that took over the society with women always at the receiving end in most circumstances. This research will be limited to information and materials the author was able to get in carrying out the research workeffectively, such as materials gotten from libraries, United Nations, articles on gender as well as the use of texts relevant to the topic and information‘s gotten from non-governmental organizations.
7
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
International organization: Is a formal continuous structure established by agreement between members which could be governmental or non-governmental organization in which it members are voluntary membership and as international organizations, they have their enabling instruments, which clearly states the goals, structures, modus operandi of the organization in which UN also belongs. UN as an international organization which was established as a result of the world wars, as a result of this, the Moscow Declaration was put in place.
Gender: Is defined as the fact of being male or female, males or females , considered
as a group :differences between the genders. (the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
English). It is also defined as the biological sexes of an individual usually male or female
,the mental analogue of sex .i.e one‘s male (masculinity) or femaleness (femininity) (English
Dictionary). According to Bridget Osakwe of WANEP defines ‗Gender as a social and
cultural construct differentiating women and men and defining the ways in which women and
men interact with each other‘.( WANEP Nigeria (2009): Gender and Conflict Prevention :An
Early Warning Training Manual). It is undermined by the composite of shared expectations
and norms within a society concerning appropriate female and male behaviors,
characteristics, and roles. Gender and gender roles are culturally specific, learned, changeable
over time, and influenced by different variables such as race, age, class, and ethnicity. A
literature text on women and peace building confirms that the concept of gender refers to
social relationships.
Gender Mainstreaming: The process of assessing the implications of women and men of
any planned action, including legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and at all levels. It
is strategy for making women‘s as well as men‘s concerns and experiences an integral
8
dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs
in all political, economic and society spheres so that men and women benefit equally and
inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality. UNDP defines
gender mainstreaming as ―Taking account of gender equality concerns in all policy,
programme, administrative and financial activities, and in organizational procedures, thereby
contributing to organizational transformation‖.
Patriarchy: Is a system of male authority and dominance in which women are oppressed
through social, cultural, political and so on. It tends to emphasize the supremacy of the father
in the family, the legal dependence of wives and children.
Women’s Empowerment: This refers to the ability of women to have skills, control over
resources as well as participate in decision that affects their lives.
Motherhood: This refers to the state of being a mother, the qualities or spirit of a mother. It
is the kinship between an offspring and the mother.
1.8 LITERATURE REVIEW
The United Nations has established various policies as well as legal frameworks to
combat gender inequality in Nigeria and other countries. As a result of the conference held in
Rio de Janeiro 1975, Cairo 1995, and Copenhagen 1980, important issues relating to the
improvement of the status of women was stressed. Gender mainstreaming has been identified
as a strategic tool towards achieving greater equality between men and women as endorsed in
the Beijing Platform for Action from the UN 4th world women conference in 1995. The
strategy of mainstreaming is defined as
…..the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any
planned action, including legislations, policies or programs in all areas and at all
levels. It is strategy for making women‘s as well as men‘s concerns and experiences
an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of
9
policies and programs in all political, economic and spheres so that women and men
benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve
gender equality. [WANEP Nigeria (2009), pg. 17] .
According to the UN, what is common in mainstreaming in all sectors or development
issues is that a concern for gender equality is brought into ‗mainstream‘ of activities rather
than dealt with as an ‗add-on‘. From this, gender mainstreaming is radical processes which
address issues from the root causes of gender in balances in the society. Women and girls are
faced with critical issues and vulnerable positions. As a result of these challenges, the Joint
United Nations Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS)in collaboration with the National Agency
for the Control of AIDS (NACA) and the United Nations women seek to accelerate actions
on the disproportionate vulnerability of women and girls (Progress report on the
implementation of the African Union solemn declaration on gender equality in Nigeria). As a
result of this, strategic stakeholders in the six geo-political zones of the country were
consulted in a bid to create a forum for joint articulation of the key issues and the best ways
to identify issues. For instance, NACA with financial assistance from the office of the
MDG‘S, under the Debt Relief Grant collaborated with four other organizations to carry out
different projects in various parts of the country i.e Oyo, Enugu, Lagos, kwara, Kaduna,
,Katsina, Niger with their core objectives of the four projects which was meant to address the
problem of poverty through empowering beneficiaries to acquire skills for engaging in
income generating activities.
The Nigeria government in a view to bridge the gap, there was a review of the
microfinance policy framework for Nigeria in April 2011. One of the four core targets of the
received policy is to eliminate gender disparity by ensuring that women‘s accessto financial
services increase by 15% annually above the minimum 10% across the board. The band of
industry has over the years worked effectively to reach the poor and more women in
collaboration with various state government with more than 2.37billion has been approved to
10
various cooperative groups comprising women and youths) since 2008 under a collective
guarantee arrangement.
Nigeria responding to the Nairobi Conference on Women adopted the third world
conference on women in Nairobi and Kenya for the advancement of women, Nigeria created
a women development section in the Federal ministry of Social Development, Youth and
Sports. The adoption of the convention of the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination
against Women (CEDAW) by the UN in 1979 which generated awareness and led Nigeria to
create the committee on women development as well as setting up the National Commission
for Women. (Democratic Dividends for Nigerian Women &Children, report of an
accomplishments of the Federal Ministry of Women Affairs). The ministry created a
relegated background of women from dependence to independence, poverty, prosperity as
well as from primary through secondary to tertiary production. The ministry has worked in
various spheres such as advocacy, technical support i.e. holding a catalogue of training
workshop/events in the bid to build further the capacity of various women groups such as
capacity building efforts were organized single handedly by the ministry in collaboration with
other developments in women and children affairs , empowerment which is also an
operational tool which has helped the Nigerian women to move forward. Here, the ministry
identifies weak points of women groups and seeks to strengthen them economically, socially
or politically.
The economic and political empowerment of the Nigeria women is in different
stages. The ministry went beyond the initial stage which is advocacy to action which involves
various funding mechanism for economic growth of the women such as Micro-credit loan
(WOFEE), business and development fund for women (BUDFOW).The UN convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) was an important
and significant international response to the rights and demands their inclusion in all spheres
11
of national and human development. Article 1 of CEDAW calls on government to abolish
any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or
purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women,
irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights
and fundamental freedom in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.
Although, Nigeria has signed and ratified CEDAW and its optional protocol, but, the
provisions of the treaty enjoy international laws, they are not yet part of the domestic legal
frameworks (The federal ministry of women affairs and social development).
The Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and social development beginning with the
2013 budget, a certain billion naira has been earmarked to cater for gender related
components of the budget in the affected ministries. In an effort to ensure the implementation
of policies and programme by both tiers of government and other stakeholders that represent
Nigeria‘s regional and global commitments to the welfare and development of women,
children, persons with disabilities and the elderly. Advocacy was adopted as a strategic tool
which high-level, state advocacy and policy dialogue with development partners, forum of
female ministers and special advisers to the president(Federal ministry of women affairs and
social development, 2013 national ministerial platform). The objective of creating the forum
is to further provide Nigerian women in governance and decision making with a platform,
upon which they can discuss, share ideas, compare their experiences in governance and
strategizing properly in meeting the challenges of mainstreaming gender issues in national
development.
The most obvious indication of the popularity of this shift was the international
conference on Images of Motherhood-African and Nordic Perspectives held in Ile de Gorce,
Dakar Senegal in February 2003. It was an opportunity to advance deconstruction as the
opening statement by Mama, (2003) indicated that motherhood was under theorized and
12
invisible in feminist discourse and the gap had to be filled in view of the increasing number
of single parents worldwide. Mama (2003) acknowledged that theorizing motherhood was an
important part of the African theoretical framework. In the conference summary, Arnfred
(2003) highlighted other concepts that were under scrutiny: the distinction between wife and
mother, mothering, mother work, motherhood and the patriarchal influence of colonialism,
the state and religion. These concepts are radical because they can resolve some of the
inequalities of the past and present social, economic and political formations as pilots of the
transformation agenda. The success of the transformation depends on the forms of feminist
action. For example, the political organization of social radicals in the North of Nigeria,
NEPU, founded with the objective of fundamentally changing the norms in this conservative
Islamic-ruled society, had represented a direct attack on the status quo right from its
founding. With its motto yama(freedom)symbolizing three freedoms –political, economic
and social – it sought at its creation in 1950 within the NPC to fight for the grassroots against
the constraints of the feudal social structure of the emirate system which the British Indirect
Rule system had largely preserved and perpetuated in many ways there.
NEPU‘s programme for local government reforms involved a serious attempt at
establishing grassroots democracy. Powerful emirs and certain administrative officers
regarded the NEPU within the NPC then, with its radicalizing initiatives, as dangerously
radical group and effected the elimination of the radical elements from the NPC at an early
stage. Their socially radical programme and attempts to redefine the political culture and
norms in this Northern Nigerian society in more egalitarian ways directly challenged both the
traditional rulers and the colonial authority who would together continue to seek to
marginalize NEPU and the radicals. The Zikists in the NCNC, labour radicals in the
Convention People‘s Party (CPP) in the Gold Coast, and other organizations and/or coalitions
13
of social radicals in mainstream organizations, also experienced similar hostility and
reactionary measures, including expulsion, by leaders of these parties.
In the case of women radicals, the narrow organizational structures and agendas of
the more mainstream parties with which they went into alliance marginalized them and their
organizations in those parties and they also failed to impact them from within. The social
radicals stood outside these more mainstream organizations and parties, then, challenging the
framings and narrative encodings of community and citizenship as constituted in the
discursive practices of African ethno political entrepreneurs who led those parties. The
radicals contested the differences among citizenry that were ordered by class, religion,
gender, and other logics of centereness and marginalization inscribed in mainstream
construction of community and notions of citizenship. They challenged the perceived
exploitation and patterns of domination and exclusion concealed in the use of language of
ethnicity, race, religion, class, etc., by the ethno political entrepreneurs.
The colonial social radicals stood in a dialectical relationship vis-à-vis the ethno
political entrepreneurs and their organizations, but without negating the reconstituted social
contradictions of the past or present, or turning contradictions into a dialectical process. They
stood, rather, as the supplementaryspaceof cultural signification, challenging the power of
what became the dominant discourse, i.e., the master-discourse, and thus antagonizing the
power to generalize and its tendencies to totalize the social in a ―homogenous empty time.
Colonial social radicals imagined the nation more in inclusive terms as a new kind of
community based on citizenship conceived of as a kind of ―fraternity of equals‖ and a ―deep
horizontal comradeship.‖
Women’s movements/organizations in Nigeria continued to value the complementary
of women’s and men’s interests, an idea reflected in the strategy of Nigerian women’s groups
14
to demand reserved places for women in political offices. The Abeokuta market women
protestsin 1948 came almost two decades after the Aba women riots. Women again revolted
against colonial taxes and the failure of the traditional rulers to defend their interests by
challenging the colonial masters. Instead under indirect rule, the Alake of Abeokuta was the
person ultimately responsible for tax collection. Funmilayo Ransome‐Kuti, who, at the time
was head teacher at the Abeokuta Grammar School learned about this women‘s struggle, and
formed the Abeokuta Women‘s Union (AWU) where the ‗elite‘ Abeokuta ladies joined in
solidarity with the market women of Egba land to work together to find a way to stop this
practice of excess and unnecessary tax collection. This women‘s group coordinated by
Mrs.Funmilayo Ransome‐Kutiwas able to question the character of governance with regard to
the authoritarian, arbitrary nature of decision‐making by the Sole Native Authority and the
colonial government. This later grew to a movement that became a string component of the
independence movement. Also, through this development, women were able to develop a
clear voice in questioning the repercussion of existing policies on the quality of life and status
of women. These women used different cultural traditions to threaten the authority in order to
bring the change they so much desired in the status of women.
In the case of the Abeokuta protest, women bared their bodies naked at the Oba‘s
palace, an action which was a taboo in Yoruba tradition. This eventually led to the vacation
of the throne by the Alake, though, for a period. It was through this anti‐colonial resistance
struggles that the different foundations for women‘s emancipation, equality and
empowerment were initially laid such as the formation of the National Women‘s Union
(NWU), the first national women‘s organization founded in 1947. It was also the first
women‘s organization in Nigeria with nationwide representation covering all ethnic, religious
and class lines. The Union had prominent female leaders such as Margaret Ekpo and
Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti who created a political niche for Nigeria women through their
15
active roles in mainstream political movements and individual female
organizations.(Ojikutu,2011: pg. 15).
1.8 CHAPTERISATION
The project is divided into six chapters, the first consists of the introductory aspects
of the project which includes the background, statement of the problem, objectives of the
study, research methodology, significance of the study, scope and limitation, definition of
terms, literature review and chapterisation. Chapter two comprises of the legal, policy
institutional framework aspect of the project. Chapter three is on gender issues in Nigeria,
development of feminism and women organization, Women‘s Empowerment and National
Integration, women participation in political process in Nigeria, Chapter four discusses about
Gender equality in Nigeria such as Issues of discrimination against women in Nigeria,
Violence and Abuses against Women in Nigeria. The fifth Chapter discusses the United
Nations‘ Challenges in promoting gender equality in Nigeria under which UN and women‘s
issues, of the U.N on Women Right in Nigeria and so on will be discussed. The last chapter
has to do with conclusion of the research work.
REFERENCES
Cambridge (2009): Longman dictionary of contemporary English: Fourth edition (2002).
Federal Ministry of Women Affairs (2005): Democratic Dividends for Nigerian Women
&Children, report of an accomplishment of the Federal Ministry of Women Affairs.
Livio (2005): English dictionary: second edition
Ojikutu O. (2011,pg. 15): Women and the Nation, Sokari Yoruba Women in the
Pre‐independence
Era,(http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5594609‐147/story.cspL)
The federal ministry of women affairs and social development (2012.): The empowerment of
rural women and their role in poverty and hunger eradication, development and
current challenges: A selection of best practices in Nigeria.
The government of Nigeria (2011): Progress report on the implementation of the African
Union solemn declaration on gender equality in Nigeria.
WANEP: West African Network for Peace building, Nigeria: Gender and Conflict Prevention
(2009): An Early Warning Training Manual, Ibadan: John Archers Publishers ltd.